Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

A persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development, as characterized by Inattention and/or Hyperactivity and impulsivity. ADHAD is a neurodevelopmental disorder.

Inattention manifests behaviorally in ADHD as wandering off task, lacking persistence, having difficulty sustaining focus, and being disorganized and is not due to defiance or lack of comprehension. Hyperactivity refers to excessive motor activity (such as a child running about) when it is not appropriate, or excessive fidgeting, tapping, or talkativeness. In adults, hyperactivity may manifest as extreme restlessness or wearing others out with their activity. Impulsivity refers to hasty actions that occur in the moment without forethought and that have high potential for harm to the individual (e.g., darting into the street without looking). Impulsivity may reflect a desire for immediate rewards or an inability to delay gratification.

Features

The essential feature of ADHD is a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development.

Symptoms

The various symptoms of ADHD include:

1.     Often failing to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in school work, at work, or during other activities (e.g., overlooks or misses details, work is inaccurate)

2.     having difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities (e.g., has difficulty remaining focused during lectures, conversations, or lengthy reading)

3.     Does not seem to listen when spoken to directly

4.     Does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish school work, chores, or duties in the workplace

5.     fidgets with or taps hands or feet or squirms in seat

6.     runs about or climbs in situations where it is inappropriate

7.     unable to play or engage in leisure activities quietly

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of ADHD is focussed on:

1.     A persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development

2.     Several inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms were present prior to age 12 years

3.     Several inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms are present in two or more settings

4.     There is clear evidence that the symptoms interfere with, or reduce the quality of, social, academic, or occupational functioning

5.     The symptoms do not occur exclusively during the course of schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder and are not better explained by another mental disorder.

ADHD is associated with reduced school performance and academic attainment, social rejection, and, in adults, poorer occupational performance, attainment, attendance, and higher probability of unemployment as well as elevated interpersonal conflict.

Treatment

The most common and effective treatments for ADHD have found to be behavioural therapy, psychotherapy along with suitable medication and regular interventions.